WFTU - World Federation of Trade Union : Liên hiệp công đoàn thế giới
WPC - World Peace Council : Hội đồng hòa bình thế giới
WIDF - Women's International Democratic Youth : Liên đoàn phụ nữ dân chủ thế giới
IUS - International Union of Student : Hội liên hiệp sinh viên thế giới
IADL - International Association of Democratic Lawyers : Hội luật gia dân chủ thế giới
OIJ - Organization of International Journalists : Tổ chức quốc tế các nhà báo
AAPSO - Afro-Asian People's Solodarity Organ : Tổ chức đoàn kết nhân dân Á - Phi
AAWA - Afro-Asian Writer's Association : Hội nhà văn Á - Phi
CMEA - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance : Hội đồng tương trợ kinh tế
UN, UNO - United Nations, United Nations Organization : Liên hiệp quốc
WFP - World Food Programme : Chương trình lương thực thế giới
UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme : Chương trình liên hiệp quốc về môi trường
UNDP, PNUD – United Nations Development Programme : Chương trình liên hiệp quốc về phát triển
UNHCR – United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees : Cơ quan cao ủy liên hiệp quốc về người tị nạn
WFC – World Food Council : Hội đồng lương thực thế giới
UNCTAD – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development : Hội nghị liên hiệp quốc về thương mại và phát triển
NUFPA – United Nations Fund for Population Activities : Quỹ hoạt động dân số Liên hiệp quốc
UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fun : Quỹ nhi đồng Liên hiệp quốc
UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development Organisation : Tổ chức Liên hiệp quốc tế về phát triển nông nghiệp
UNITAR – United Nations Institue for Training and Research : Viện đào tạo và nghiên cứu Liên hiệp quốc
IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency : Cơ quan năng lượng nguyên tử quốc tế
UPU – Universal Postal Union : Liên minh bưu chính thế giới
ITU – International Tele-communication Union : Liên minh viễn thông thế giới
WB – World Bank : Ngân hàng thế giới
IBRD – International Bank for Rconstruction and Development : Ngân hàng thế giới về tái thiết và phát triển
ILO – Interational Labor Organization : Tổ chức lao động quốc tế
IDA – International Development Assocciation : Hiệp hội phát triển quốc tế
IFC – International Finance Corporation : Công ty tài chính quốc tế
IFAD – International Fund for Agriculture Development : Quỹ quốc tế phát triển nông nghiệp
IMF – International Monetary Fund : Quỹ tiền tệ quốc tế
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific : Tổ chức liên hiệp quốc về giáo dục, khoa học và văn hóa
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organisation : Tổ chức liên hiệp quốc về lương thực và nông nghiệp
ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organisation : Tổ chức hàng không dân dụng quốc tế
WMO – World Meteoro Logical Organization : Tổ chức khí tượng thế giới
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization : Tổ chức thế giới về sở hữu tri thức
WHO – World Health Organization : Tổ chức y tế thế giới
ESCAP – United Nations Economic and Social Commision for Asia and Pacific : Ủy ban kinh tế xã hội châu Á và Thái Bình Dương
ECWA - United Nations Economic Commision for Western Asia : Ủy ban kinh tế Tây Á
ECLA - United Nations Economic Commision for Africa : Ủy ban kinh tế châu Phi
ECE - United Nations Economic Commision for Latin America : Ủy ban kinh tế châu Mỹ la tinh
EDE - United Nations Economic Commision for Europe : Ủy ban kinh tế châu Âu
O.A.J – Organization of American States : Tổ chức các nước châu Mỹ
BAD – Asian Development Bank : Ngân hàng phát triển châu Á
RCTT – Regional Centre for Transfer of Technology : Trung tâm chuyển giao kĩ thuật của khu vực
APDC – Asian and Pacific Development Centre : Trung tâm phát triển châu Á Thái Bình Dương
CIRDAP – Centre on Integrated Rural Devolopment for Asia and the Pacific : Trung tâm phát triển nông thôn toàn diện châu Á Thái Bình Dương
TC – Typhoon Committee : Ủy ban bão
CCOP – Committee for coordination for joint prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas : Ủy ban phối hợp điều tra tài nguyên khoáng sản ngoài khơi châu Á
AIT – Asian Institute of Technology : Viện kỹ thuật châu Á
AIBD – Asian Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development : Viện phát triển phát thanh và truyền hình châu Á Thái Bình Dương
ACCU – Asian Cultural Centre for UNESCO : Trung tâm văn hóa châu Á phục vụ UNESCO
AL – Arab League : Liên đoàn Ả Rập
ASEAN – Association of South East Asian Nations : Hội các nước châu Á
ANZUS – Australia New Zealand, US Pact : Khối Mỹ, Oxtrâylia, NiuDiLơn
CENTO – Central Treaty Organization : Khối hiệp ước trung tâm (1955) trước kia gồm Thổ, Irắc, Iran và Mỹ
A.F.L-C.I.O – American Federation of Labour and Congress of Industrial Organization : Tổng công hội Mỹ-Tổ chức công đoàn Công nghiệp
INTERCOSMOS – Intercosmos : Chương trình hợp tác nhiều mặt trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu vũ trụ
W.C.C – World Council of Churches : Hội đồng nhà thờ thế giới
OPEC – Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries : Tổ chức các nước xuất khẩu dầu mỏ
EEC – European Ecomomic Community : Khối thị trường chung châu Âu
N.A.T.O – North Atlantic Treaty Organization : Khối Bắc Đại Tây Dương
O.A.U – Organization of African Unity : Tố chức thống nhất châu Phi
O.E.C.D – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development : Tổ chức hợp tác kinh tế và phát triển
S.W.A.P.O – South West Africa People’s Organization : Tổ chức nhân dân Tây Nam Phi
M.F.N.Status – Most Favored Nation Status : Quy chế nước được ưu đãi nhất
P.L.O – Palestinian Liberation Organization : Tổ chức giải phóng Palestin
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) : cục tình báo trung ương Mĩ
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) : cục điều tra liên bang Mĩ
FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) : liên đoàn bóng đá quốc tế
UEFA (Union of European Football Association) : liên đoàn bóng đá Châu Âu
AFC (Asian Football Confederation) : liên đoàn bóng đá Châu Á
CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football) : liên đoàn bóng đá Châu Phi
OFC (Oceania Football Confederation) : liên đoàn bóng đá Châu Đại Dương
CONCACAF (The Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football) : liên đoàn bóng đá Bắc Trung Mĩ
CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol) : liên đoàn bóng đá Nam Mĩ
IMF (International Monetary Fund) : quỹ tiền tệ quốc tế
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) : tổ chức giáo dục, khoa học và văn hóa
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) : tổ chức lương thực và nông nghiệp
WHO (World Health Organization) : tổ chức y tế thế giới
UNICEF (The United Nations Children's Fund) : quỹ nhi đồng Liên Hợp Quốc
UN (United Nations) : liên hợp quốc
ILO (International Labour Organization) : tổ chức lao động quốc tế
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) : tổ chức phát triển công nghiệp của Liên Hợp Quốc
WMO (World Meteorological Organization) : tổ chức khí tượng thế giới
WTO (World Trade Organization) : tổ chức thương mại thế giới (hoặc tổ chức mậu dịch thế giới)
ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) : phòng thương mại quốc tế
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) : diễn đàn hợp tác kinh tế Châu Á - Thái Bình Dương
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) : tổ chức các nước xuất khẩu dầu lửa
UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) : ủy ban liên hợp quốc về luật thương mại quốc tế
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) : hội nghị của liên hợp quốc về thương mại và phát triển
ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting) : hội nghị các nguyên thủ quốc gia về hợp tác Á - Âu
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) : hiệp hội các nước Đông Nam Á
WB (World Bank) : ngân hàng thế giới
TI (Transparency International) : tổ chức minh bạch thế giới
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) : tổ chức hợp tác và phát triển kinh tế
FATF (Financial Action Task Force) : nhóm hành động tài chính chống nạn rửa tiền
NOWC (New Open World Corporation) : tổ chức bầu chọn kỳ quan thế giới mới
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) : tổ chức sở hữu trí tuệ thế giới
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) : cơ quan năng lượng nguyên tử quốc tế
IDLO (International Development Law Organization) : tổ chức phát triển luật quốc tế
IAL (International Association of Lawyers) : hiệp hội luật sư quốc tế
USCIRF (United States Commission on International Religious Freedom) : ủy ban Hoa Kỳ về tự do tôn giáo quốc tế
HRW (Human Rights Watch) : tổ chức nhân quyền thế giới
Tên viết tắt các tổ chức của LHQ
1)Tố chức lao động quốc tế ( ILO)
2)Tố chức hàng hải quốc tế (IMO)
3)Tố chức hàng không dân dụng quốc tế ( ICAO)
4)Liên minh bưu chính thế giới (UPU)
5)Liên minh viễn thông quốc tế( ITU)
6)Tố chức khí tượng thế giới ( WMO)
7)Tố chức y tế thế giới (WHO)
8)Tố chức giáo dục, văn hóa, khoa học của LHQ (UNESCO)
9)Tố chức sở hữu trí tuệ thế giới (WIPO)
10)Tố chức nông lương của LHQ (FAO)
11)Ngân hàng tái thiết và phát triển quốc tế (IBRD)
12)Quỹ tiền tệ quốc tế (IMF)
13)Nghiệp đoàn tài chính quốc tế (IFC)
14)Quỹ phát triển nông nghiệp quốc tế( IFAD)
15)Hội phát triển quốc tế (IDA)
Ngoài 15 cơ quan thuộc Liên Hợp Quốc trên. Liên Hợp Quốc có 6 cơ quan chính và khoảng 300 cơ giúp việc. 6 cơ quan chính của Liên Hợp Quốc là:
1. Đại Hội Đồng: General Assembly
2. Hội Đồng Bảo An: Security Council
3. Hội Đồng Kinh tế - Xã hội: Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. Hội đồng quản thác: Trusteeship Council
5. Tòa Án Quốc tế: International Court of Justice (IC).
6. Ban thư kí: Secretariat
Hiển thị các bài đăng có nhãn Tiêu chuẩn. Hiển thị tất cả bài đăng
Hiển thị các bài đăng có nhãn Tiêu chuẩn. Hiển thị tất cả bài đăng
Chủ Nhật, 4 tháng 7, 2010
Tên viết tắt của các tổ chức quốc tế
International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Listening TIPS
IELTS - Tips for the Listening test
Answer all questions. There is no negative marking for incorrect answers.
Read the How to prepare for IELTS - Listening test manual at the Hong Kong City University site to familiarize yourself with the test, the types of questions that are asked and strategies for answering them.
To get an idea of how this kind of test is conducted, you can try doing the practice tests at Randall's ESL Cyber Listening Lab . The accent is American so it does not approximate the actual test very well. Still, it is useful practice for this type of test.
Practise doing the 4 listening tests in the book -- Cambridge IELTS 3. It helps a lot. It is the closest you can get to the actual test.
At the center where I did the test, each of us was given cordless headphones to listen to the recording. This feels very different from listening to the conversation over speakers. Check with the British Council at the time of registering for IELTS if these will be used for your test. If yes, it might be a good idea to do the practice tests at home using headphones.
Keep all your attention focused for the half hour or so that the test lasts. A lapse of concentration can make you lose the sequence of answers and panic sets in fast.
The test consists of four sections. Sections 1 and 3 are dialogues and sections 2 and 4 are monologues. There are 40 questions to be answered and the test lasts for 30 minutes. Ten minutes are provided at the end of the test to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
Pay special attention to the dialogues sections (Sections 1 and 3). I found it more difficult to focus on these and the conversation tends to be faster than a monologue (Sections 2 and 4).
At the beginning of each section of the recording, time is provided to read the questions. Use this time to read the questions pertaining to that section (the voice on the tape tells you how many questions to read ) and underline key words in each question on the question booklet like "when", "where", "who" and "what" which tell you what to listen for. Time is also provided at the end of each section to check your answers. Use this time also to read the questions for the next section.
Read the questions carefully. If the question says mark the answer as A, B, C or D on the answer sheet, make sure you don't write the phrase that A, B, C or D correspond to. Just write A, B, C or D. If the question specifies that you must not use more than three words in your answer, writing 4 words will get you no marks for that question.
The answers usually appear in the conversation in the same order as the questions.
The speakers often correct themselves. They will say something initially and then change the statement. For example, "we will go in March" is said first and then "No, let's make it May". The correct answer is the final statement i,e. May and not March. Watch out for this and make sure you write the final correct answer.
If you miss an answer, don't panic. Keep listening for the next answer.
Write your answer immediately on the question sheet itself. Don't try to memorize the answers or to write on the answer sheet. The ten minutes provided at the end of the test are quite sufficient to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
Answer all questions. There is no negative marking for incorrect answers.
Read the How to prepare for IELTS - Listening test manual at the Hong Kong City University site to familiarize yourself with the test, the types of questions that are asked and strategies for answering them.
To get an idea of how this kind of test is conducted, you can try doing the practice tests at Randall's ESL Cyber Listening Lab . The accent is American so it does not approximate the actual test very well. Still, it is useful practice for this type of test.
Practise doing the 4 listening tests in the book -- Cambridge IELTS 3. It helps a lot. It is the closest you can get to the actual test.
At the center where I did the test, each of us was given cordless headphones to listen to the recording. This feels very different from listening to the conversation over speakers. Check with the British Council at the time of registering for IELTS if these will be used for your test. If yes, it might be a good idea to do the practice tests at home using headphones.
Keep all your attention focused for the half hour or so that the test lasts. A lapse of concentration can make you lose the sequence of answers and panic sets in fast.
The test consists of four sections. Sections 1 and 3 are dialogues and sections 2 and 4 are monologues. There are 40 questions to be answered and the test lasts for 30 minutes. Ten minutes are provided at the end of the test to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
Pay special attention to the dialogues sections (Sections 1 and 3). I found it more difficult to focus on these and the conversation tends to be faster than a monologue (Sections 2 and 4).
At the beginning of each section of the recording, time is provided to read the questions. Use this time to read the questions pertaining to that section (the voice on the tape tells you how many questions to read ) and underline key words in each question on the question booklet like "when", "where", "who" and "what" which tell you what to listen for. Time is also provided at the end of each section to check your answers. Use this time also to read the questions for the next section.
Read the questions carefully. If the question says mark the answer as A, B, C or D on the answer sheet, make sure you don't write the phrase that A, B, C or D correspond to. Just write A, B, C or D. If the question specifies that you must not use more than three words in your answer, writing 4 words will get you no marks for that question.
The answers usually appear in the conversation in the same order as the questions.
The speakers often correct themselves. They will say something initially and then change the statement. For example, "we will go in March" is said first and then "No, let's make it May". The correct answer is the final statement i,e. May and not March. Watch out for this and make sure you write the final correct answer.
If you miss an answer, don't panic. Keep listening for the next answer.
Write your answer immediately on the question sheet itself. Don't try to memorize the answers or to write on the answer sheet. The ten minutes provided at the end of the test are quite sufficient to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.
International English Language Testing System (IELTS) TIPS READING
Tips for the Reading test
Answer all questions. There is no negative marking for incorrect answers.
The reading test is considered by many to be the most difficult part of IELTS. And with some justification. You have to read 3 long sections, each with multiple paragraphs, and answer 40 questions (13 to 14 per section). Unlike the listening test, no extra time is given at the end to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. Time can be a major constraint since you only have an hour to finish the test.
Start by reading the How to prepare for IELTS - Reading test manual at the Hong Kong City University site to familiarize yourself with the test, the types of questions that are asked and strategies for answering them.
The key to doing well in this part is practice. Read newspapers, magazines and books. Try and improve your reading skills and speed. Do the practice tests in Cambridge IELTS 3.
The most important thing to understand is that the test does NOT assess your comprehension of the paragraphs. It does NOT test how well you have understood the passage. It tests specific skills called Scanning and Skimming.
Scanning is what one does, for example, when looking for a phone number in a directory. You know the specific information you are looking for and you go down the page quickly to find it. This technique is used when answering questions such as multiple-choice and matching. You scan the passage to quickly find the information mentioned in the question. Once you find it, you get the answer from the passage and write it against the question.
Skimming refers to reading a paragraph quickly to get an idea of what it is about, without trying to understand its details. This technique is part of the initial reading (see below). It can be modified (reading a little slower) to answer "Provide headings for the paragraphs" , "In which paragraph does this information appear in the text?" and "Author's views" type of questions.
The sections get progressively more difficult. Aim to spend about 15 to17 minutes on Section 1, 20 minutes on Section 2 and 23 to 25 minutes on Section 3. If possible, keep some spare time to check your answers.
I would suggest ( and this is how I did it ) that you first read all the questions quickly to get an idea of what type of information is required and whether scanning or skimming (or a combination of the two) is called for. As you read the questions, use a pencil to underline important information such as dates, places and names.
Source: http://www.aippg.com/ielts /
Once you are through with reading all the questions, skim over the text and underline / mark important parts. If you see any information relating to the questions, mark it straight away. You may even be able to answer some questions as you read.
Answer the questions one by one with the help of the underlined parts of the text. Having read the text once, you will find it easy to find specific information by scanning.
The answers usually appear in the text in the same order as the questions. That is, the answer to question 4 will be earlier in the text than the answer to question 5. This need not always be true. It may apply to each question type rather than to all the questions taken together. The answer to MCQ 2 will appear before that to MCQ 3 and the answer to Matching question 2 will usually appear earlier than that to Matching question 3. However, the answer to MCQ 3 may appear before the answer to Matching question 2. This will not apply to questions like "In which paragraph does this information appear?" and "Yes / No / Not given". For these question types, the information may be scattered randomly anywhere in the paragraphs.
As soon as you find an answer, write it against the question on the question paper. It is not always a good idea to try answering questions in the order in which they are asked.
Read the instructions for each question very carefully. If the question specifies that you must not use more than three words in your answer, stick to three words.
The toughest questions are the True / False / Not given and Yes / No / Not given ones. Practise doing these questions till you are confident. Make sure you do not answer True / False for a Yes / No question and vice versa. Such an answer will be considered wrong and fetch no marks.
Do not get stuck on any one question. If you can't get the answer, move on. You can always come back later.
Answer all questions. There is no negative marking for incorrect answers.
The reading test is considered by many to be the most difficult part of IELTS. And with some justification. You have to read 3 long sections, each with multiple paragraphs, and answer 40 questions (13 to 14 per section). Unlike the listening test, no extra time is given at the end to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. Time can be a major constraint since you only have an hour to finish the test.
Start by reading the How to prepare for IELTS - Reading test manual at the Hong Kong City University site to familiarize yourself with the test, the types of questions that are asked and strategies for answering them.
The key to doing well in this part is practice. Read newspapers, magazines and books. Try and improve your reading skills and speed. Do the practice tests in Cambridge IELTS 3.
The most important thing to understand is that the test does NOT assess your comprehension of the paragraphs. It does NOT test how well you have understood the passage. It tests specific skills called Scanning and Skimming.
Scanning is what one does, for example, when looking for a phone number in a directory. You know the specific information you are looking for and you go down the page quickly to find it. This technique is used when answering questions such as multiple-choice and matching. You scan the passage to quickly find the information mentioned in the question. Once you find it, you get the answer from the passage and write it against the question.
Skimming refers to reading a paragraph quickly to get an idea of what it is about, without trying to understand its details. This technique is part of the initial reading (see below). It can be modified (reading a little slower) to answer "Provide headings for the paragraphs" , "In which paragraph does this information appear in the text?" and "Author's views" type of questions.
The sections get progressively more difficult. Aim to spend about 15 to17 minutes on Section 1, 20 minutes on Section 2 and 23 to 25 minutes on Section 3. If possible, keep some spare time to check your answers.
I would suggest ( and this is how I did it ) that you first read all the questions quickly to get an idea of what type of information is required and whether scanning or skimming (or a combination of the two) is called for. As you read the questions, use a pencil to underline important information such as dates, places and names.
Source: http://www.aippg.com/ielts
Once you are through with reading all the questions, skim over the text and underline / mark important parts. If you see any information relating to the questions, mark it straight away. You may even be able to answer some questions as you read.
Answer the questions one by one with the help of the underlined parts of the text. Having read the text once, you will find it easy to find specific information by scanning.
The answers usually appear in the text in the same order as the questions. That is, the answer to question 4 will be earlier in the text than the answer to question 5. This need not always be true. It may apply to each question type rather than to all the questions taken together. The answer to MCQ 2 will appear before that to MCQ 3 and the answer to Matching question 2 will usually appear earlier than that to Matching question 3. However, the answer to MCQ 3 may appear before the answer to Matching question 2. This will not apply to questions like "In which paragraph does this information appear?" and "Yes / No / Not given". For these question types, the information may be scattered randomly anywhere in the paragraphs.
As soon as you find an answer, write it against the question on the question paper. It is not always a good idea to try answering questions in the order in which they are asked.
Read the instructions for each question very carefully. If the question specifies that you must not use more than three words in your answer, stick to three words.
The toughest questions are the True / False / Not given and Yes / No / Not given ones. Practise doing these questions till you are confident. Make sure you do not answer True / False for a Yes / No question and vice versa. Such an answer will be considered wrong and fetch no marks.
Do not get stuck on any one question. If you can't get the answer, move on. You can always come back later.
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